Psychology myers 7th edition test bank

Scientific fraud encompasses fabrication and falsification of data, and plagiarism, is unethical, and can result in severe personal and institutional consequences. There are diverse reasons for scientific fraud. Peer review, replication, and academic competition help control fraud. Researchers must credit others who contributed words or ideas to their work through citations. In ethical reports, those listed as report authors must have made important contributions to the research.

Researchers may only republish previously published data if they cite the original publication where the data first appeared. After working through it, students should be able to answer the following: List four ethical issues that are relevant to psychological research. Give an example of a psychological risk one might encounter in an experiment. What is an IRB? What special considerations are there when an experiment involves deception? How is anonymity in a study different from confidentiality?

After studying it, your students should be able to answer these questions: Why is debriefing important? What special debriefing issues are necessary when deception is involved?

Describe the elements of an effective and appropriate debriefing? Section 8 is of greatest relevance to researchers. It is related to Turnitin. Your own institution likely has a webpage for IRB information that you can refer students to.

Have each student identify a published article in which animals served as subjects. Ask them to list all of the ways in which the study observed the ethical guidelines for treatment of animals. To really make your point, challenge them to find a single instance of unethical behavior. My Google search netted over a million hits, so you may wish to limit them to stories that have some psychological relevance.

Ask students to identify the motivations behind those found to be guilty of scientific fraud. Assume you are responsible for deciding whether or not to approve each experiment. You must justify each decision. Suggest ways to improve each proposal. He believes that animals have a survival instinct to learn more quickly when food is scarce. He proposes an experiment in which mice are given only water for 1, 2, 5, or 10 days. He then plans to measure the speed with which they learn to navigate a complicated maze.

She proposes a study in which a sign is posted in some bathrooms explaining the pollution problem, but is not posted in other bathrooms. She proposes an experiment in which participants rate the attractiveness of various models. Unbeknownst to the participants, a confederate will be loitering in the hallway outside the experiment room. Lucy will then compare the model ratings from complimented and insulted participants.

Chapter 2 Handout Identifying Ethics Violations Identify as many ethical violations as you can in the following scenario. Explain each of the violations you find. His study investigates the amount of discomfort people are willing to put up with in order to earn a large sum of money. He then makes the participants eat disgusting food combinations, rub permanent markers on their own faces, and mail insulting messages to their professors.

Explain why IRBs are necessary and what their major functions are. An IRB evaluates proposed human research studies before they are conducted. The main responsibility of an IRB is to protect subject safety.

An IRB also safeguards the rights of subjects in at risk studies by ensuring that researchers obtain informed consent. What is informed consent? Informed consent means that a subject agrees to participate following a complete explanation of the nature and purpose of a study.

It is required for all human research studies. Consent forms must be written in lay language at a reading level subjects can understand. Researchers should verbally explain information that is important for subjects. Subjects who agree to participate in a study should sign the consent form and then receive a copy for their records.

The following aspects of informed consent are important in psychological research: 1. Informed consent derives from the principle of respect for persons contained in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Belmont Report. Respect for persons means that individuals should be free to make their own decisions about research participation and that we must provide extra protection for vulnerable populations and persons with diminished capacity while respecting their self-determination.

When is it appropriate to use deception? When is it not appropriate? APA Standard 6. How can the negative effects of deception be eliminated? We can eliminate the negative effects of deception by thorough debriefing as required by APA Standard 6. How has the ethical principle of informed consent been violated? The requirement violates APA standard 6.

An experimenter studying the effects of stress gave subjects a series of maze problems to solve. The subjects were led to believe that the problems were all quite easy. In fact, several had no solution. Some of the subjects were visibly upset by their inability to solve the problems. At the end of the study, the experimenter did not explain the procedures. What ethical principles apply in this case? The experimenter should have warned subjects about the difficulty and potential stress of the maze problems, and should have immediately debriefed them after they completed the study.

What ethical principles have been violated? The student experimenter failed to maintain anonymity subject names were on data sheets and confidentiality the security of the data was violated.

How could this situation have been avoided? Furthermore, the experimenter should not have shared experimental data with a friend. What ethical principles apply when we propose and conduct research with animals?

Researchers must protect animal welfare whenever they use animal subjects. These guidelines concern: 1. Chapter 2 4. What is the difference between animal welfare and animal rights? Animal welfare is the humane care and treatment of animals, which is regulated by federal and state statutes and the ethical standards of professional organizations. Animal rights is the idea that all sensate species, especially those that feel pain, are of equal value to humans and should have the same subject rights as humans.

To study the effect of a new drug to reduce depression, researchers must sacrifice animal subjects and dissect their brains. Discuss the ethical pros and cons of this line of research. An institutional animal care and use committee IACUC must first determine that there are no satisfactory alternatives to animal experimentation and that the number of animals used in the study has been minimized. The report is updated bi-monthly, so check back often.

The following activities can help deepen their appreciation of the nonexperimental designs. Ask your students to place each method on the space and to justify their placements. It is likely that students will disagree with each other.

You can use these discrepancies to show how the particulars of any given research project affect its internal and external validity. Students tend to mistakenly assume that internal and external validity are independent, failing to realize that there is an inescapable tradeoff between them. The question is: What is this continuum? Give students 5 minutes to brainstorm on this question and see who can answer it in the fewest words.

The answer is control. Have students rate the beat on the following three dimensions: pleasant-unpleasant, strain-relaxation, and excitement-calm. Perform this task at several different metronome rates. This will allow you to demonstrate the difficulty of replication in phenomenology work and also demonstrates the low external validity of some lab research.

Comparisons across students will also allow you to demonstrate the individual differences that are inevitable in this type of research. Pleasant Unpleasant. Strain Relaxation.

The text points out that case studies which rely upon retrospective data are especially problematic due to the biases and inaccuracies of memory. This can be quickly and effectively demonstrated in class with the following exercise. Divide the class into pairs, and have one member of each pair examine a picture you have brought to class.

It is best if the picture has several objects and details to it. Give them a few minutes to study the picture closely. Later during the class period, or even the next day, have the member of each pair who did not view the picture ask as many questions as she can of her partner to try to paint the picture in her own mind. Lastly, compare their different interpretations and reveal the original picture.

This exercise exhibits both the difficulty in coming up with the appropriate questions for a case study and the problems associated with memory errors. Students need to be able to discriminate field observation from anecdotal evidence.

A primary difference, that field observation relies upon systematic observation , is too often missed. Ask your class if anyone has ever known someone who had a premonition or ESP-like phenomenon. See if students can explain why these anecdotes are not good examples of field studies, despite their occurring in the natural environment Answer: because scientific investigation involves a predetermined set of guidelines and data-collection techniques.

Point out how essentially all parapsychology discoveries lack this, and are not coincidentally unable to predict future recurrences. Another effective way to explain this is in the context of explaining the steps of the scientific method: with anecdotal evidence you mistakenly jump right from observation to conclusion, whereas with field observation you insert the necessary steps of prediction, systematic observation, and data analysis. Many research questions that you could answer using a survey can also be answered using a field study.

Ask your class to suggest several issues that they might create a survey about e. For each issue, have them determine whether a field study might be better or worse than a survey. Points to cover here include reactivity, time considerations, external validity, participant honesty, and population sampling. You could use qualitative research to identify important common themes in narratives by undergraduates asked to describe their personal growth during 4 years of college. Count the number of yard signs, letters to the editor, or tweets supporting and opposing the millage.

Naturalistic observation, phenomenology, and qualitative research could be employed to study daydreaming. We could use naturalistic observation in a campus library or study lounge to measure daydreamer characteristics, daydreaming frequency, and its distribution over time.

A challenging methodological problem would be how to distinguish daydreaming from napping, prayer, and meditation. This could reveal how daydreaming feels, how long it seems to last, and what the daydreams concern. Naturalistic observation could be employed to identify the most popular painting in an art gallery. We could use naturalistic observation to count the number of subjects examining each painting and how long they viewed each. Naturalistic observation could assess college student studiousness.

We could measure the number of students and duration of study time in public areas like the library, dormitory lounges, Student Union, and local establishments like coffee shops.

A clinician, with no relationship with the patient or therapist, should assess progress to avoid the problem of experimenter bias.

Researchers could design experiments to study all five topics. Experiments, which can achieve high internal validity, could complement the nonexperimental approaches described in question 7, which are potentially high in external validity.

Experiments could test causal relationships suggested by the nonexperimental studies. We could vary task interest level and task duration, and then measure the effect of these antecedent conditions on the frequency and duration of daydreaming.

We could manipulate antecedent conditions like painting location, lighting, and publicity, and measure the effect of these changes on subject ratings of painting popularity and art gallery traffic patterns. We could vary library hours extended or regular hours and measure the effect of these schedules on student library usage.

A behavior therapist could identify two specific problems stress and headaches to be treated. The therapist could initiate a separate intervention designed to treat each problem stress management for stress and muscle biofeedback for headaches after baseline periods of different length.

This study could provide persuasive evidence of treatment effectiveness if symptoms only improved after the designated intervention was introduced. A main difference between laboratory experiments and nonexperimental studies is that nonexperimental studies. If a research study restricted subjects to a very narrow range of possible responses, it would be.

The main difference between a deviant case analysis and other types of case study is that a deviant case analysis involves. Frazz observes the number of donuts the faculty consume in the lunchroom while he mops the floor. Which approach did he use? Which descriptive method is extensively used by ethologists to observe animal behavior in natural settings?

A social psychologist who observes aggressive behavior between siblings through a one-way mirror is using. A researcher measured the popularity of museum displays by measuring the comparative wear on floor tiles.

This strategy illustrates the use of. A social psychologist secretly joined a white supremacy group to study its recruitment strategies. She only gathered qualitative data since exposure could result in her ouster from the group or hospitalization.

Which research. Reviews There are no reviews yet. You must be logged in to post a review. After your students study this workshop, they should be able to answer the following questions: What makes something scientific? What makes something empirical?

What are the goals of psychological science? What is a paradigm shift? How can commonsense psychology reduce objectivity when we gather data? Give an example of how you used commonsense psychology in the past week.

What are the characteristics of modern science? What do we mean by objectivity? How does objectivity influence observation, measurement, and experimentation? How does a psychology experiment demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between antecedent conditions and behavior?

Antecedent conditions treatments are the circumstances that come before an event or behavior we wish to explain. An experiment is a controlled procedure in which we apply at least two different antecedent conditions to our subjects and measure their effects on behavior.

An experiment must satisfy two requirements: we must have procedures for manipulating the setting and we must be able to observe the predicted outcome. After we administer the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis. What do we mean by treatment conditions in an experiment? Why must there be at least two? Treatment conditions are specific sets of antecedent conditions that an experimenter applies to experimental subjects.

A credible second treatment condition allows us to rule out these competing explanations. For each of the following examples, state at least one of the basic tools of psychological science observation, measurement, experimentation that have been violated, and explain the correct procedure: Deanna wanted to do an experiment on gas mileage to see whether the name brands give better mileage.

She filled her tank with Fuel-Up one week and with a well-known brand the following week. I filled the car with Fuel-Up on a Tuesday and needed gas again the following Tuesday. It was the same story with the big-name brand, so they must be about the same. Mike has been telling all his friends that his three-year-old daughter, Allie, can read.

Allie then appears to read a small storybook that Mike keeps on the coffee table. One of the friends is not convinced and asks the little girl to read a page from a different but equally simple storybook.

Allie remains silent. If Allie can actually read, then she should have been able to read a page from a storybook of comparable difficulty. Her inability to read this selection constituted a failure in replication. An author advocates the use of large doses of vitamin C to prolong life. In an interview he says he has tried this treatment only on himself. A researcher wanted to compare the effects of a funny cartoon vs. She measured mood by observing the body language of her subjects. Explain why astrology is a pseudoscience rather than a true science.

Name and describe each of the four main sections of the experimental report. C The Characteristics of Modern Science The modern connotation of science includes commonsense psychology.

C The Characteristics of Modern Science Systematic data gathering, noting relationships, and offering explanations are central to commonsense psychology. Commonsense psychology Good thinking Intuition The scientific mentality A The Need for Scientific Methodology Jon wears his favorite black tank top whenever he invites a dating partner over for dinner.

F The Need for Scientific Methodology Two characteristics of commonsense psychology are that it cannot be tested and does not make inferences. C The Need for Scientific Methodology As commonsense psychologists, our ability to systematically and impartially gather data is most seriously limited by our failure to observe the behavior of others. Situations; traits b.

Stereotypes; situations c. A The Need for Scientific Methodology Bama keeps playing the same slot machine because it has not paid off during the last 2 hours. His behavior demonstrates the phenomenon of confirmatory bias. F The Need for Scientific Methodology Which of these involves poor use of data to estimate the true probabilities of events? This illustrates the problem of confirmatory bias.

Theories C The Characteristics of Modern Science Schlegel cautioned that theories can determine how we interpret observations. Self-correction The principle of parsimony The scientific mentality A The Characteristics of Modern Science Kacie designed an experiment to disprove the hypothesis that people are more likely to help others when they are in a good mood.

Sir Carl Popper d. Description b. Prediction c. Explanation d. The Objectives of Psychological Science Which research objective requires that we use an experimental research design and control for factors that might also influence this behavior?

Studies like these are most concerned with the objective of a. This experiment lacks antecedent conditions. F The Tools of Psychological Science When we have procedures for manipulating the setting and the predicted outcomes are observable, our predictions are accurate. A The Tools of Psychological Science Einstein predicted that gravity could bend light to create the appearance of two stars when there was only one.

Aerobic exercise is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Produce grown using pesticides causes allergic reactions. Students who study using laptop computers earn higher grades. A Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science Amanda asked 20 subjects to use a new elliptical exercise machine for 45 minutes.

A Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science Josh asked male and female undergraduates to complete a self- esteem survey. C Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science In experiments, researchers most often achieve control over possible explanations by a.

How does it differ from scientific psychology? Why are conclusions based on scientific psychology more reliable than those derived from common sense?

Suppose that a trained psychologist and a casual observer both watch children playing in a playground. Describe at least three reasons why the observations made by the psychologist could be a better source of scientific data than the observations made by the casual observer.

List and describe two of these biases. Why are humans prone to this sort of bias and what do scientists do to avoid them?

Explain how stereotypes can affect the observations made by a commonsense psychologist. We do not endorse or represent any educational institution or publishers. Check the full chapter sample to see the average number of questions and type of questions answered. Add to cart or express checkout if you are fully satisfied with the sample. Do contact live chat if you think the sample is not complete or if you want any other information before purchasing.

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